Dog & Cat Health Library

Welcome to our warm and approachable health library! Here you’ll find friendly, easy‑to‑understand advice for the most common problems in dogs and cats. Our aim is to reassure and guide you with gentle tips until you can speak with a veterinarian. Use the table of contents below to browse and find the help you need, and remember that our suggestions are meant as supportive guidance, not a substitute for professional care.

Dog problems

Cat problems

Dog problem details

Dog diarrhoea – what to do?

Description & causes: Diarrhoea refers to loose, watery stools that are passed more frequently than normal. Common triggers include sudden changes in diet, eating spoiled or rich foods, stress, intestinal parasites or serious infections like parvovirus. In most cases the problem resolves quickly, but persistent diarrhoea can lead to dehydration.

Symptoms: Watery or soft stools (sometimes yellowish or mucus‑tinged), straining to defecate, gas, abdominal cramps and occasionally vomiting. Black or bloody stools are a red flag and warrant immediate veterinary care.

First aid: Withhold food for 12–24 hours to rest the gut while ensuring plenty of fresh water is available. Once the dog has not passed diarrhoea for several hours, offer a bland diet such as boiled chicken or lean hamburger mixed with white rice in small, frequent meals. Gradually reintroduce the regular food over a few days to avoid further upset.

When to call the vet: If diarrhoea lasts longer than two days, if there is blood, tar‑like stool or severe vomiting, or if your dog appears lethargic, dehydrated or has a fever. Puppies, senior dogs or those with existing health conditions should see a veterinarian sooner because they dehydrate quickly.

Dog vomiting – what now?

Description & causes: Occasional vomiting after eating too quickly or mild stomach upset is common in dogs. Persistent or repeated vomiting, however, may indicate a dietary indiscretion, parasite infestation, infection, ingestion of a toxin or a more serious underlying disease.

Symptoms: Vomiting of food, foam or bile; drooling; licking lips; abdominal contractions; possible accompanying diarrhoea or lethargy.

First aid: Remove food for 6–12 hours, but allow small sips of water or ice chips to prevent dehydration. If vomiting stops, feed a bland diet of boiled chicken and rice in small portions every few hours. Slowly mix the dog’s regular food back in over 24–48 hours.

When to call the vet: Seek veterinary care if vomiting is frequent or contains blood, if it’s accompanied by abdominal pain, diarrhoea, collapse or ingestion of a foreign object or toxin. Puppies and small dogs are particularly vulnerable to dehydration.

Dog not eating and lethargic

Description & causes: Sudden loss of appetite (anorexia) combined with lethargy can signal pain, fever, dental disease, organ dysfunction, infection or poisoning. Stress, environmental changes or medication side effects may also play a role.

Symptoms: Refusing food or eating very little, sleeping more than usual, weakness, possible vomiting, diarrhoea or fever.

What to do: Monitor your dog’s temperature (normal is about 38–39 °C / 101–102.5 °F) and note any other signs. Offer easily digestible food such as boiled chicken and rice. Keep plenty of water available and provide a quiet, comfortable space.

When to call the vet: If your dog hasn’t eaten for 24 hours, shows other signs of illness, or you suspect poisoning. Puppies should be seen sooner (within 12 hours) because they can become hypoglycaemic quickly.

Dog itching with no fleas

Description & causes: Persistent scratching despite the absence of fleas may be due to allergies (food or environmental), dry skin, mites, fungal infections or contact irritants.

Symptoms: Itching, redness, rash, hair loss, ear infections or paw chewing.

Management: Check for lice or mites and consult a vet for proper diagnosis. Bathe with a gentle, hypoallergenic shampoo and ensure your dog’s diet is balanced with adequate omega‑3 fatty acids. Avoid potential allergens and keep the living environment clean.

When to call the vet: If itching is severe, there are open sores or signs of infection, or if skin issues persist despite home care.

Treating fleas in dogs

Description: Fleas are tiny parasites that cause intense itching, hair loss, skin infections and can transmit tapeworms or other diseases. They thrive in warm, humid conditions and can infest both pets and homes.

Management: Use a vet‑approved flea treatment (topical, oral or collar) according to instructions. Treat all pets in the household and thoroughly vacuum and wash bedding to remove eggs and larvae. Prevent reinfestation with regular flea control year‑round.

When to call the vet: If your dog develops skin infections, severe itching, signs of anaemia (pale gums, weakness) or has a heavy flea burden that is difficult to control.

Removing a tick from a dog

Description: Ticks attach to the skin to feed on blood. Proper removal is important to reduce the risk of infection and tick‑borne diseases.

How to remove: Put on gloves, part the hair around the tick and grasp it as close to the dog’s skin as possible using fine‑tipped tweezers or a tick removal tool. Pull straight upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or crush the tick. After removal, clean the bite area with antiseptic and dispose of the tick safely.

Aftercare: Monitor the bite site for redness or swelling over the next few days. Wash your hands and disinfect tools. Use tick preventives to reduce future bites.

Tick in dog’s ear

Description: Ticks sometimes crawl into the outer ear, causing irritation and head shaking. Removing them promptly is key.

Management: Have a helper gently restrain your dog. Use a flashlight to locate the tick. Carefully remove it with tweezers as you would from any other body part. If the tick is deep in the ear canal or your dog resists, seek veterinary assistance to avoid damaging the ear.

Follow‑up: Watch for signs of infection (redness, discharge, odour) and consult your vet if concerned.

Dog cough (kennel cough)

Description & causes: Kennel cough is a highly contagious respiratory infection commonly caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria and viruses. It spreads easily in places where dogs gather (kennels, shows, dog parks).

Symptoms: Dry, hacking cough sometimes described as “honking,” retching after coughing, sneezing, runny nose and mild fever. Dogs usually remain bright and alert.

Management: Provide rest, keep your dog away from other animals, and use a harness instead of a collar to reduce airway irritation. Mild cases often resolve within one to two weeks without treatment. Vaccination can prevent many cases.

When to call the vet: If your dog has difficulty breathing, stops eating, develops a fever or the cough persists more than two weeks.

Dog Giardia – symptoms & care

Description: Giardia is a microscopic parasite that inhabits the intestines and causes diarrhoea. Dogs become infected by ingesting contaminated water, food or faeces.

Symptoms: Soft, frothy stools with a foul odour, weight loss, flatulence and occasional vomiting.

Management: See your vet for diagnosis and prescription medication (metronidazole or fenbendazole). Thoroughly clean and disinfect your dog’s environment and bathe them to remove cysts from the coat. Prevent reinfection by providing clean drinking water and restricting access to contaminated sources.

When to call the vet: Any diarrhoea lasting more than a few days or causing weight loss warrants veterinary evaluation.

Parvovirus – symptoms & help

Description: Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious and potentially fatal virus that attacks the gastrointestinal tract and immune system, primarily in puppies and unvaccinated dogs.

Symptoms: Severe, bloody diarrhoea, vomiting, loss of appetite, dehydration, fever and rapid weight loss. Pups can deteriorate quickly.

Management: Parvo is a medical emergency. Seek immediate veterinary treatment; supportive care may include intravenous fluids, anti‑nausea medication and antibiotics to prevent secondary infections. Vaccination is the best prevention.

Recognising fever in dogs

Description: A dog’s normal body temperature is between 38–39 °C (101–102.5 °F). A fever may indicate infection, inflammation or other illness.

Symptoms: Warm ears or nose, shivering, panting, lethargy, loss of appetite and in severe cases, seizures.

What to do: Measure your dog’s temperature rectally with a digital pet thermometer. Provide fresh water and a cool, comfortable environment. Never give human medications to dogs without veterinary advice.

When to call the vet: A temperature above 39.4 °C (103 °F) or below 37.2 °C (99 °F) should be evaluated by a vet, especially if accompanied by other signs of illness.

Dog ear infection – symptoms & help

Description: Ear infections are common in dogs, especially those with floppy ears or who swim frequently. They can be caused by bacteria, yeast, ear mites or allergies.

Symptoms: Head shaking, scratching at ears, redness or swelling in the ear canal, odour, discharge or crusty buildup and sensitivity when ears are touched.

Management: See your vet for an exam and appropriate ear drops (antibiotic, antifungal or anti‑inflammatory). Keep ears clean and dry, and trim excess hair around the ear canal.

When to call the vet: If your dog displays any of the above symptoms, as untreated ear infections can lead to chronic pain and hearing loss.

Dog suddenly limping

Description & causes: Sudden lameness may result from a sprain, strain, joint injury, torn nail, paw pad injury or foreign object. In older dogs it may also reflect arthritis or ligament rupture.

Symptoms: Refusing to bear weight on a limb, holding a paw up, swelling, heat, yelping when moving or touching the leg.

What to do: Restrict activity to prevent further injury. Examine the paw for thorns, cuts or broken nails and remove gently if possible. Apply a cold compress to reduce swelling. Do not give human pain medications without advice.

When to call the vet: If the limping persists more than a day, you cannot remove a foreign object, the leg appears deformed or your dog is in significant pain.

Cleaning dog teeth at home

Description: Regular dental care helps prevent periodontal disease, bad breath and tooth loss.

How to: Use a soft‑bristled toothbrush or finger brush and dog‑specific toothpaste (never human toothpaste). Gently brush the outer surfaces of the teeth in circular motions, focusing on the gum line. Gradually increase brushing time as your dog becomes comfortable. Dental chews and toys can supplement brushing, but they don’t replace it.

When to call the vet: If your dog’s gums are bleeding, teeth are loose or there’s persistent bad breath, schedule a professional dental cleaning.

Dog eye infection – what to do?

Description: Eye infections can be bacterial, viral or fungal and may also arise from injuries or irritants.

Symptoms: Red or swollen eyes, discharge (clear, yellow or green), squinting, pawing at the eyes, sensitivity to light.

What to do: Flush the eye gently with sterile saline or clean water to remove any debris. Prevent your dog from rubbing the eye by using an Elizabethan collar if needed. Seek veterinary care for diagnosis and appropriate medication (antibiotic or anti‑inflammatory drops).

When to call the vet: Immediately, especially if your dog’s eye is very painful, there is a change in colour or you notice a cloudy appearance or sudden vision loss.

Dog allergy – symptoms & approach

Description: Dogs can suffer from environmental, food and flea allergies which cause itchy skin, recurrent ear infections and digestive upsets.

Symptoms: Itchy skin, chronic ear inflammation, chewing or licking paws, hair loss, hot spots, vomiting or diarrhoea.

Management: Work with your vet to identify the allergen through elimination diets or allergy testing. Treatment may include antihistamines, special diets, medicated shampoos or immunotherapy. Regular flea prevention is essential.

When to call the vet: Persistent itching, ear infections or GI symptoms warrant evaluation and treatment.

Treating a dog’s hotspot

Description: A hotspot is an area of moist, inflamed, infected skin that develops rapidly due to scratching, biting or licking. Underlying causes include allergies, insect bites, ear infections or skin irritation.

Symptoms: Red, oozing patch of skin that is painful or itchy, hair loss around the area, foul odour.

Management: Trim or shave hair around the hotspot to expose the area. Clean gently with a mild antiseptic or saline and allow it to dry. Prevent further licking by using an Elizabethan collar. Your vet may prescribe topical or oral antibiotics and anti‑inflammatory medication.

When to call the vet: Large, spreading or recurrent hotspots should be examined by a veterinarian to address underlying causes.

Dog tick bite & Lyme disease

Description: Ticks can transmit Lyme disease, which is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Not all ticks carry the bacteria, but preventing bites reduces risk.

Symptoms of Lyme disease: Fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, shifting lameness, swollen joints and lymph nodes, sometimes kidney problems.

What to do: Remove ticks promptly and completely as described above. Monitor your dog for signs of illness over the next weeks and consult your vet if symptoms develop. Preventive tick control products and vaccination in endemic areas can lower risk.

Babesia (tick disease) – symptoms

Description: Babesiosis is a tick‑borne disease caused by Babesia parasites that invade red blood cells. It can cause severe anaemia and organ damage.

Symptoms: Fever, pale gums, jaundice, dark urine, lethargy and weakness.

Management: Veterinary treatment includes antiparasitic medication and supportive care such as fluids and blood transfusions in severe cases. Tick prevention is crucial.

Blood in dog’s stool

Description: Haematochezia (fresh red blood) or melena (dark, tarry stool) may indicate anything from minor anal irritation to serious conditions like parvovirus, bleeding ulcers, ingestion of toxins or tumours.

Management: Note whether the blood is bright red or black. Keep your dog hydrated and avoid giving any over‑the‑counter medications. Save a stool sample for your vet.

When to call the vet: Immediately. Blood in the stool is always a reason to consult a veterinarian for diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Puppy biting everything

Description: Puppies explore the world with their mouths and chew when teething. While this is normal, it’s important to teach bite inhibition early.

Management: Provide plenty of appropriate chew toys. If your puppy bites your hands or clothing, redirect them to a toy. Avoid playing rough games that encourage biting. Reward calm behaviour and use timeouts if necessary.

When to call the vet or trainer: If biting is aggressive, uncontrollable or causes injury, seek advice from a professional trainer or veterinary behaviourist.

Housebreaking a puppy

Description: Teaching a puppy where to eliminate takes patience and consistency.

Management: Establish a regular feeding and potty schedule. Take your puppy outside frequently (after eating, playing and waking). Supervise them indoors and use a crate or playpen when you cannot watch them. Praise and reward elimination in the desired spot. Clean accidents thoroughly to remove odour.

Dog barks when left alone

Description & causes: Excessive barking in your absence often signals separation anxiety or boredom.

Management: Provide mental and physical stimulation before leaving (walks, puzzle toys). Leave the dog in a comfortable space with background noise (radio or TV). Practise short departures and gradually increase time away. Consider professional training or day care if the problem persists.

Training separation anxiety

Description: Separation anxiety occurs when a dog becomes distressed when separated from their owner.

Management: Start with very short departures (seconds) and return before your dog becomes anxious. Gradually lengthen the time away. Provide a special chew or treat that your dog only gets when you leave. Keep arrivals and departures low key. Severe cases may require medication and guidance from a veterinary behaviourist.

Dog pulls on the lead

Description: Pulling on the leash makes walks unpleasant and can injure both dog and owner.

Management: Use a no‑pull harness or head collar. Reward your dog for walking beside you by offering treats when the leash is slack. Stop walking when your dog pulls and resume only when the leash is loose. Consistent training improves leash manners over time.

Dog doesn’t come when called

Description: A reliable recall keeps your dog safe and allows them off‑leash freedom.

Management: Start indoors or in a fenced area with few distractions. Call your dog’s name cheerfully followed by a command like “come” and reward them handsomely when they obey (treats, toys, praise). Gradually increase distance and distractions. Never punish your dog for coming to you, even if they were slow, as this discourages future recalls.

Dog fireworks anxiety – what to do?

Description: Many dogs fear loud noises such as fireworks or thunderstorms.

Management: Create a safe, quiet space where your dog can retreat. Play calming music or white noise to mask the sound. Distract with long‑lasting chews or interactive toys. Stay calm and avoid fussing over your dog. For severe anxiety, consult your vet about behaviour modification, pheromone diffusers or anti‑anxiety medication.

Dog aggression toward other dogs

Description: Aggression can be rooted in fear, resource guarding, lack of socialisation, territorial behaviour or past traumatic experiences.

Management: Avoid off‑lead interactions until you have assessed your dog’s triggers. Use positive reinforcement to reward calm behaviour around other dogs. Work with a qualified trainer or behaviourist to create a desensitisation and counter‑conditioning plan. Never punish aggressive displays as this may worsen fear.

Dog growling at children

Description: Growling is a warning sign that a dog feels uncomfortable or threatened. Children may unintentionally provoke dogs by hugging, pulling ears or approaching while a dog is eating or resting.

Management: Supervise all interactions between dogs and children. Teach children to approach dogs calmly, avoid hugging or rough play and respect the dog’s space. Provide the dog with a safe area where they can retreat. Consult a professional if the behaviour escalates.

Dog eats poop (coprophagia)

Description: Coprophagia is the consumption of faeces. It can occur due to dietary deficiencies, boredom, learned behaviour or instinct (as when bitches clean up after puppies).

Management: Pick up faeces promptly to remove the opportunity. Feed a balanced diet and ensure your dog is not hungry. Provide ample mental stimulation and exercise. Train the “leave it” command to discourage the behaviour. In some cases adding pineapple, pumpkin or commercial deterrents to food may alter the taste of faeces and discourage eating it.

Best dog food

Description: Choosing the right dog food depends on your dog’s age, size, activity level and health.

Recommendations: Look for foods labelled “complete and balanced” that meet AAFCO standards. High‑quality proteins, appropriate fat levels and adequate vitamins and minerals are essential. Consult your veterinarian for specific recommendations, especially if your dog has medical conditions or allergies.

Dog raw meat – is it safe?

Description: Raw feeding is controversial. Proponents claim it mirrors a wild diet, while critics highlight the risks of bacterial contamination (Salmonella, E. coli) and nutritional imbalances.

Considerations: If feeding raw, follow strict hygiene practices, ensure a nutritionally balanced recipe (often requiring supplements) and handle raw meat carefully to protect both pet and human health. Consult your vet before switching to a raw diet.

Dog diarrhoea after new food

Description: Introducing new food too quickly can upset the digestive system.

Management: Transition gradually over 7–10 days by mixing increasing amounts of the new food with the old. If diarrhoea persists beyond a few days or is severe, return to the previous diet and consult your vet.

Can dogs have rice with diarrhoea?

Description: Plain boiled white rice is a bland, easily digestible carbohydrate that can help firm up stools during episodes of mild diarrhoea.

Usage: Combine rice with lean protein like boiled chicken in small meals. Introduce normal food slowly once stools improve.

Dog ate chocolate – what to do?

Description: Chocolate contains theobromine and caffeine, substances that dogs metabolise poorly. Dark chocolate and baking chocolate have higher concentrations and are more dangerous than milk chocolate.

Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhoea, restlessness, rapid heart rate, tremors, seizures and in severe cases, heart failure.

What to do: Contact your vet immediately with information about the type and amount of chocolate ingested and your dog’s weight. Early intervention (inducing vomiting and administering activated charcoal) improves outcomes. Do not attempt to treat at home without veterinary guidance.

Dog ate grapes or raisins

Description: Grapes, raisins and currents can cause acute kidney failure in dogs. There is no known safe quantity.

Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhoea, lethargy, abdominal pain, decreased urine output and loss of appetite.

What to do: Seek veterinary help immediately. Treatment may involve inducing vomiting, administering activated charcoal and providing intravenous fluids to support the kidneys.

Dog paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning

Description: Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is toxic to dogs and can cause liver failure and damage to red blood cells.

Symptoms: Lethargy, vomiting, abdominal pain, swelling of the face or paws, brown or blue gums, jaundice and in severe cases, collapse.

What to do: If your dog has ingested acetaminophen, contact your vet or an emergency poison hotline immediately. Treatment may include inducing vomiting, giving activated charcoal, administering antidotes such as N‑acetylcysteine and supportive care.

Dog xylitol gum poisoning

Description: Xylitol is a sugar substitute found in sugar‑free gum, candy, some peanut butters and baked goods. In dogs it triggers a rapid release of insulin, causing a dangerous drop in blood sugar and potential liver failure.

Symptoms: Vomiting, weakness, staggering, tremors, seizures and collapse. Signs can develop within minutes to hours after ingestion.

What to do: Contact your vet or an emergency poison hotline immediately. Treatment includes monitoring blood glucose, administering intravenous dextrose and liver protectants. Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by a professional.

Dog eats grass and vomits

Description: Many dogs occasionally eat grass. Possible reasons include boredom, nutritional deficiency or to ease mild stomach upset.

Management: Eating small amounts of grass is usually harmless. Provide a balanced diet and plenty of enrichment. If your dog eats grass excessively or vomits repeatedly afterwards, consult your vet to rule out gastrointestinal issues.

How to trim dog nails

Description: Overgrown nails can cause discomfort, affect gait and lead to injuries.

How to: Use sharp, quality dog nail clippers or a grinder. Trim small amounts at a time, avoiding the pink “quick” (blood vessel) which is easier to see in light‑coloured nails. If you accidentally nick the quick, apply styptic powder to stop bleeding. Reward your dog during and after the session. If you’re uncertain, seek guidance from a groomer or vet.

How often to bathe a dog

Description: Bathing frequency depends on the dog’s breed, coat type, skin condition and lifestyle. Over‑bathing can dry out skin and coat.

Recommendations: Most dogs benefit from a bath every 4–8 weeks. Use a mild dog shampoo and rinse thoroughly. Dogs with allergies or skin conditions may require medicated baths as prescribed by a vet. Brush before bathing to remove loose hair and mats.

Dog coat care

Description: Routine grooming keeps the coat healthy, reduces shedding and allows you to check for parasites or skin problems.

Recommendations: Brush your dog’s coat regularly based on its length and texture (daily for long‑haired breeds, weekly for short‑haired). Provide a balanced diet rich in omega‑3 fatty acids to support skin and coat health. Address mats promptly and seek help from a professional groomer if needed.

Dog microchipping requirements

Description: A microchip is a permanent form of identification implanted under the skin. Many countries and states require dogs to be microchipped.

Benefits: It greatly increases the chance of being reunited if your dog is lost. Microchipping is quick, causes minimal discomfort and contains a unique number registered with your contact details.

What to do: Have your vet or a licensed implanter insert the chip and register your information with the database. Keep your contact information up‑to‑date.

Applying for a dog passport

Description: A dog passport (pet health certificate) is required for international travel. In the EU and UK this is known as an EU Pet Passport; other countries have their own documentation.

Requirements: Your dog must be microchipped, vaccinated against rabies and treated for certain parasites. A vet issues the passport or health certificate and records vaccinations, microchip number and ownership.

Planning: Check destination country rules well in advance, as some require blood tests or quarantine periods. Allow plenty of time (months) to meet all requirements.

Rules for taking a dog to Belgium

Description: Travel regulations vary by country. Belgium requires dogs entering from most countries to have a microchip, a valid rabies vaccination and a pet passport or health certificate.

Planning: Ensure vaccinations are up‑to‑date (rabies shot must be at least 21 days old and not expired). Tapeworm and tick treatments may be recommended. Puppies must be at least 15 weeks old to enter Belgium due to rabies rules.

Taking a puppy to Belgium (15 weeks)

Description: Belgium follows EU rules: dogs must be microchipped and vaccinated against rabies after 12 weeks of age. They can travel 21 days after vaccination, meaning the minimum age for entry is 15 weeks.

Planning: Arrange the rabies vaccination and microchip as early as possible. Obtain the EU pet passport or health certificate and check airline regulations for crate size and documentation.

Rabies vaccine needed for dogs

Description: Rabies is a fatal viral disease. Vaccination is essential for your dog’s health and is legally required for travel and in many jurisdictions.

Schedule: Puppies typically receive a rabies shot at 12–16 weeks of age with boosters given one year later and then every one to three years depending on local law and vaccine type.

Adopting a dog from a shelter

Description: Adoption gives homeless dogs a second chance and can be a rewarding experience.

Considerations: Assess your lifestyle and choose a dog whose energy level, size and temperament fit. Prepare supplies (bed, leash, collar, food) and schedule a veterinary check‑up. Expect a settling‑in period and be patient while your new dog adjusts.

Rehoming a dog

Description: Rehoming may be necessary due to personal circumstances. It’s important to find a safe, loving environment for your dog.

Steps: Contact reputable shelters or rescue groups that can assist with placing your dog. Provide full medical and behavioural history. Avoid rehoming through unverified online postings. If possible, meet potential adopters and visit their home.

Emergency vet contact for dogs

Description: Emergencies such as difficulty breathing, severe bleeding, seizures, collapse, ingestion of poison or trauma require immediate veterinary attention.

Preparation: Keep the phone number and address of your nearest 24‑hour veterinary clinic handy. Know basic first aid and have a pet first‑aid kit. Transport your dog safely to the clinic and call ahead if possible.

Cat problem details

Cat vomits often – what to do?

Description & causes: Occasional hairball vomiting is normal, but frequent vomiting may be due to dietary issues, hairballs, parasites, toxins or diseases such as kidney or liver disorders.

Symptoms: Repeated vomiting, retching, loss of appetite, weight loss, lethargy.

First aid: Withhold food for a few hours and offer small amounts of water. Introduce a bland diet (boiled chicken and rice) if vomiting subsides. Ensure your cat isn’t grooming excessively and try hairball control diets or paste if hairballs are suspected.

When to call the vet: Vomiting more than once or twice a week, blood in vomit, accompanying diarrhoea or lethargy warrants veterinary evaluation.

Cat diarrhoea – what to do?

Description & causes: Diarrhoea in cats can result from diet changes, spoiled food, parasites, stress or infections. While mild cases may pass quickly, persistent diarrhoea can lead to dehydration.

Management: Temporarily withhold food (but not water) for 12 hours, then offer a bland diet in small portions. Monitor litter box habits and fluid intake. Keep the litter box clean to encourage use.

When to call the vet: If diarrhoea lasts more than 24–48 hours, contains blood or is accompanied by vomiting, fever, lethargy or loss of appetite.

Cat not eating and hiding

Description & causes: Cats are masters at masking illness. When they stop eating and hide away, it usually indicates pain, stress or illness such as infections, organ disease or dental problems.

What to do: Offer a variety of foods (wet, smelly foods often entice eating). Check for other symptoms like fever, vomiting or diarrhoea. Ensure a quiet, stress‑free environment.

When to call the vet: A cat that hasn’t eaten for 24 hours or is hiding continuously should be examined promptly; hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver disease) can develop quickly when cats don’t eat.

Cat peeing outside the litter box

Description & causes: Inappropriate elimination can stem from medical issues (urinary tract infection, bladder stones), stress, territory marking or litter box aversion (dirty box, wrong type of litter or location).

Management: Clean accidents with enzymatic cleaner to remove odour. Provide enough litter boxes (one per cat plus one extra), keep them clean and place them in quiet locations. Try different litters and box types. Reduce stressors by providing hiding spots and vertical space.

When to call the vet: Immediately if your cat strains to urinate, passes only small amounts or appears in pain; urinary obstruction is life‑threatening, especially in male cats.

Cat bladder infection (cystitis) – symptoms

Description: Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) encompasses bladder inflammation and cystitis. Causes include idiopathic cystitis, urinary crystals or stones, stress and infection.

Symptoms: Frequent trips to the litter box, straining or crying when urinating, blood in the urine, urinating outside the box and excessive licking of the genital area.

Management: Increase water intake through wet food and fountains, provide a calm environment and keep litter boxes clean. Your vet may recommend pain relief, diet changes or antibiotics depending on the cause.

When to call the vet: Always consult a vet if your cat has urinary symptoms; a blocked urethra is an emergency.

Cat kidney disease – symptoms

Description: Chronic kidney disease is common in older cats. It occurs when the kidneys can no longer effectively filter waste products from the blood.

Symptoms: Increased thirst and urination, weight loss, decreased appetite, vomiting, poor coat condition and bad breath.

Management: See your vet for diagnosis via blood and urine tests. Treatment may include special renal diets, medications to control blood pressure and nausea, and ensuring adequate hydration.

Cat respiratory infection – symptoms

Description: Upper respiratory infections in cats are often caused by viral agents like feline herpesvirus and calicivirus.

Symptoms: Sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, congestion, fever, lethargy and sometimes mouth ulcers.

Management: Keep your cat warm and well hydrated. Gently wipe discharge from the nose and eyes. Encourage eating by offering warmed, smelly foods. Most viral infections resolve within 1–3 weeks. Vaccination reduces the severity.

When to call the vet: If your cat stops eating, has difficulty breathing, is listless or if symptoms persist more than a few days.

Treating fleas in cats

Description: Flea infestations cause itching, hair loss, scabs and anaemia. Fleas can transmit tapeworms.

Management: Use cat‑specific flea treatments (spot‑on, oral or collars) as directed by your vet. Treat all pets and wash bedding regularly. Vacuum carpets and furniture thoroughly to remove eggs and larvae. Continue monthly prevention.

When to call the vet: If your cat develops skin infections, severe itching or appears anaemic.

Removing a tick from a cat

Description: Ticks can transmit diseases such as Lyme and ehrlichiosis to cats, although infection is less common than in dogs.

How to remove: Wear gloves and use fine‑tipped tweezers or a tick hook. Grasp the tick close to the skin and pull straight out slowly without twisting. Clean the bite site with antiseptic.

Follow‑up: Monitor the area for redness or swelling. Use tick prevention if your cat goes outdoors.

Cat worms – symptoms

Description: Cats can be infected with roundworms, tapeworms, hookworms or whipworms.

Symptoms: Visible worms or rice‑like segments in faeces, scooting, pot‑bellied appearance, weight loss, dull coat and sometimes vomiting.

Management: Have a faecal exam performed by your vet and treat with appropriate deworming medication. Keep litter boxes clean and prevent hunting of rodents. Kittens should be dewormed routinely.

Cat ear mites – recognising & treating

Description: Ear mites (Otodectes cynotis) are tiny parasites that live in the ear canals, causing intense itching.

Symptoms: Frequent head shaking, scratching at ears, dark, crumbly discharge that resembles coffee grounds and inflammation.

Management: Your vet can diagnose ear mites by examining ear debris under a microscope. Treatment includes cleaning the ears and applying topical or oral medications to kill the mites. Treat all pets in the household to prevent reinfestation.

Preventing hairballs in cats

Description: Hairballs form when ingested fur accumulates in the stomach. Most are harmlessly regurgitated, but large hairballs can cause obstruction.

Prevention: Brush your cat regularly to reduce loose hair. Provide a high‑fibre diet or hairball remedy paste to help hair pass through the digestive tract. Encourage hydration.

When to call the vet: If your cat repeatedly retches without producing a hairball, has decreased appetite or shows signs of obstruction.

Cat constipation – what to do?

Description & causes: Constipation occurs when stool is hard and difficult to pass. Causes include dehydration, obesity, hair ingestion, lack of exercise or colon disorders.

Symptoms: Straining in the litter box, passing small, dry stools, decreased appetite and lethargy.

Management: Encourage water intake (wet food, fountains), add fibre to the diet (pumpkin, fibre supplements) and increase exercise. Do not give laxatives without veterinary advice.

When to call the vet: If constipation persists longer than two days, there is vomiting or pain, or your cat stops eating.

Cat blood in urine

Description: Blood‑tinged urine (haematuria) can signal urinary tract infection, bladder stones, idiopathic cystitis or even tumours. Male cats are at risk of life‑threatening urethral blockage.

What to do: Seek veterinary care immediately, especially if your cat is straining or unable to urinate. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical.

Cat breathing rapidly

Description: Rapid breathing (tachypnea) may indicate stress, overheating, pain, heart disease, asthma or fluid in the chest.

Symptoms: Breathing more than 40 breaths per minute at rest, open‑mouth breathing, blue gums, lethargy.

When to call the vet: Immediately. Rapid breathing is an emergency requiring prompt evaluation.

Cat weight loss

Description: Unintentional weight loss can be due to hyperthyroidism, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, gastrointestinal disorders, parasites or cancer.

What to do: Weigh your cat regularly to monitor changes. Assess appetite, thirst and activity level. Consult your vet for a full examination and diagnostic tests.

Cat diabetes – symptoms

Description: Diabetes mellitus occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin or use it properly, leading to high blood sugar.

Symptoms: Increased thirst and urination, weight loss despite a good appetite, lethargy, sweet‑smelling breath.

Management: Your vet will diagnose diabetes with blood and urine tests. Treatment typically includes insulin injections and a low‑carbohydrate diet. Regular monitoring is essential.

Cat allergy – symptoms

Description: Cats can develop allergies to food ingredients, flea bites or environmental allergens like pollen and dust mites.

Symptoms: Itchy skin, ear infections, hair loss, excessive grooming, vomiting or diarrhoea.

Management: Work with your vet to identify and eliminate the allergen. Treatment may include anti‑itch medication, special diets, flea control and immunotherapy.

Bird flu (H5N1) in cats

Description: Although rare, cats can contract highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) from eating infected birds or raw poultry.

Symptoms: High fever, difficulty breathing, lethargy, loss of appetite and neurological signs.

Prevention & actions: Do not feed raw poultry during outbreaks and prevent cats from hunting birds. Contact your vet if you suspect infection. There is no specific treatment; supportive care is essential.

Cat raw meat & bird flu

Description: Feeding raw poultry during avian influenza outbreaks may expose cats to the virus. Raw meat also carries risks of bacterial contamination.

Recommendations: During outbreaks, avoid feeding raw poultry or allow outdoor hunting. Cook meat thoroughly to kill pathogens.

Keeping cats indoors during bird flu

Description: During avian influenza outbreaks, keeping cats indoors reduces the risk of contracting the virus from wild birds or carcasses.

Recommendations: Provide indoor enrichment (toys, climbing trees) to keep your cat stimulated. If outdoor access is necessary, use a secure catio or harness and leash.

Cat meows a lot at night

Description & causes: Night‑time vocalisation can stem from hunger, boredom, attention‑seeking, advancing age or medical issues like hyperthyroidism or cognitive dysfunction.

Management: Ensure your cat is fed before bedtime, provide evening play sessions to tire them out and consider a timed feeder for overnight snacks. Have a vet check for underlying health problems if the behaviour begins suddenly.

Cat suddenly aggressive

Description: Sudden aggression may be triggered by pain, fear, territorial disputes, redirected aggression or neurological issues.

Management: Give the cat space and avoid handling until calm. Identify and eliminate triggers if possible. Consult a vet to rule out medical causes and a behaviourist for guidance on behaviour modification.

Stop cats scratching furniture

Description: Scratching is normal feline behaviour used to mark territory, stretch muscles and remove old claw sheaths.

Management: Provide sturdy scratching posts or boards in multiple locations. Encourage use with catnip or toys. Cover or deter scratching on furniture with double‑sided tape or furniture protectors. Trim claws regularly.

Kitten biting – what to do?

Description: Kittens learn bite inhibition through play. Biting during play can be corrected with gentle training.

Management: Redirect biting to toys, avoid using hands as toys, and stop play if your kitten bites too hard. Provide appropriate chew toys and engage in interactive play.

Cat stress – symptoms

Description: Cats often show subtle signs of stress related to environmental changes, new pets, moving house or illness.

Symptoms: Hiding, reduced appetite, over‑grooming, house soiling, aggression or changes in social interactions.

Management: Provide a predictable routine, plenty of hiding spots and vertical space, and interactive play sessions. Use pheromone diffusers to promote calm. Address the source of stress where possible.

Best cat food

Description: Cats are obligate carnivores and require a diet rich in animal protein.

Recommendations: Choose a complete and balanced food appropriate for your cat’s life stage (kitten, adult, senior). Many cats benefit from a combination of wet and dry food to ensure adequate hydration. Consult your vet for personalised advice, especially for cats with medical conditions.

Switching cat food & diarrhoea

Description: Changing your cat’s diet too quickly can cause digestive upset.

Management: Transition gradually over 7–10 days, increasing the proportion of new food while decreasing the old. If diarrhoea or vomiting persists, revert to the original food and consult your vet.

Wet vs dry food for cats

Description: Wet food contains more moisture and may help maintain hydration, while dry food is convenient and can aid dental health.

Recommendations: A combination of wet and dry food can provide balanced nutrition. Ensure fresh water is always available, especially if feeding primarily dry food.

Cat drinks little

Description: Cats have a low thirst drive and may not drink enough water, which can contribute to urinary problems.

Recommendations: Offer wet food, provide multiple water bowls around the house and consider a water fountain to encourage drinking. Place water bowls away from food and litter boxes.

Are cat water fountains useful?

Description: Many cats are attracted to running water.

Benefits: Fountains can encourage cats to drink more, supporting kidney and urinary health. Clean the fountain regularly and replace filters as recommended.

Brushing a cat’s teeth

Description: Dental disease is common in cats and can lead to pain and systemic illness.

How to: Start slowly by letting your cat lick cat‑safe toothpaste from your finger. Introduce a soft toothbrush or finger brush and gently massage the outer surfaces of the teeth. Aim for short sessions and reward your cat. Dental treats and diets can help but do not replace brushing.

Trimming cat nails

Description: Regular nail trims prevent overgrown claws from snagging or growing into paw pads.

How to: Use cat nail clippers, gently press the paw to extend the nail and trim the sharp tip, avoiding the pink quick. Work slowly and trim one or two nails at a time if needed. Offer treats and praise.

Do cats need bathing?

Description: Cats groom themselves effectively. Bathing is rarely needed unless they are very dirty, covered in toxic substance or unable to groom due to obesity or illness.

Recommendations: Use a mild cat shampoo, lukewarm water and keep the bath short. Dry your cat thoroughly afterwards. If you’re unsure, consult a groomer.

Dealing with tangled cat fur

Description: Mats and tangles can form in long‑haired cats, causing discomfort and skin problems.

Management: Brush your cat regularly to prevent tangles. For existing mats, gently work them apart with your fingers or a mat splitter. Never cut mats with scissors as you may injure the skin. Seek professional grooming for severe matting.

How often to deworm a cat

Description: Deworming schedules depend on a cat’s lifestyle. Indoor cats may need treatment less frequently than outdoor hunters.

Recommendations: Kittens are typically dewormed every 2–3 weeks starting at 6 weeks of age until three months old, then monthly until six months. Adult cats should be dewormed at least twice a year or as advised by your vet.

Cat vaccinations – which are needed?

Description: Core vaccines protect against feline panleukopenia (distemper), herpesvirus, calicivirus and rabies. Non‑core vaccines may be recommended based on lifestyle (e.g. feline leukaemia virus).

Schedule: Kittens receive a series of vaccinations every 3–4 weeks starting at about 6–8 weeks old, followed by boosters one year later and then every one to three years. Consult your vet for personalised recommendations.

Cat microchipping requirements

Description: Microchipping offers permanent identification. In some countries it is mandatory for cats; in others it is strongly recommended.

Benefits: A microchip greatly increases the chance of recovering a lost cat. It involves injecting a rice‑sized chip under the skin, usually between the shoulder blades.

What to do: Have the chip implanted by your vet and register your contact information with the microchip database. Keep your details up‑to‑date.

EU pet passport for cats

Description: An EU pet passport or health certificate is needed for travel between EU countries. It records identification and vaccination details.

Requirements: Your cat must be microchipped and vaccinated against rabies. The passport is issued by an authorised veterinarian.

Is rabies vaccination needed for cats?

Description: Rabies vaccination protects your cat and public health. It is mandatory for travel and in many jurisdictions even for indoor cats.

Schedule: Kittens typically receive a rabies vaccination at 12–16 weeks of age, with boosters as required by law (often annually or every three years).

Taking a cat on holiday to Belgium

Description: Cats travelling to Belgium from other countries must meet EU import requirements.

Requirements: Your cat must be microchipped, vaccinated against rabies, and have a valid EU pet passport or animal health certificate. The rabies vaccine must be administered at least 21 days before travel.

Adopting a cat from a shelter

Description: Adoption saves lives and can bring a wonderful companion into your home.

Considerations: Assess whether a kitten or adult cat fits your lifestyle. Prepare your home with essentials such as litter box, scratching posts, food and carriers. Schedule a vet visit soon after adoption. Allow time for your new cat to adjust to their surroundings.

Kitten adoption – what you need

Description: Bringing home a kitten requires preparation.

Essentials: Provide quality kitten food, a small litter box, shallow food and water bowls, toys, scratching posts and a safe area to explore. Kitten‑proof your home by securing cords and removing toxic plants or substances. Plan for vaccinations and deworming.

Rehoming a cat

Description: If you must rehome a cat, take steps to ensure their safety and wellbeing.

Steps: Contact local shelters or rescue organisations for assistance. Provide full medical and behavioural records. Screen potential adopters and ensure they understand the commitment. Avoid giving away cats through unverified online platforms.

Cat poisoning from plants

Description: Many houseplants and garden plants are toxic to cats, causing symptoms from mild GI upset to organ failure.

Common toxic plants: Lilies, sago palm, poinsettia, philodendron, cyclamen and dieffenbachia. Even a small amount of lily pollen can lead to kidney failure.

What to do: Remove toxic plants from your home or keep them out of reach. If ingestion is suspected, contact your vet immediately. Bring a photo or sample of the plant for identification.

Lilies toxic to cats

Description: All parts of lilies (Lilium and Hemerocallis species) are extremely toxic to cats. Ingestion of even a small amount of pollen or leaf can cause acute kidney failure.

Symptoms: Vomiting, lethargy, loss of appetite and increased thirst within hours of ingestion, followed by kidney failure within 24–72 hours.

What to do: Seek veterinary care immediately. There is no antidote; early decontamination and aggressive fluid therapy are critical.

Cat paracetamol poisoning

Description: Cats are extremely sensitive to acetaminophen (paracetamol). A single tablet can be fatal.

Symptoms: Swelling of the face or paws, brownish gums, breathing difficulty, hypothermia, vomiting and coma.

What to do: If your cat ingests acetaminophen, contact your vet or poison control immediately. Treatment may involve antidotes, oxygen therapy and supportive care. Never give human medications to cats without veterinary guidance.

Cat ate chocolate

Description: Chocolate contains methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine) which are toxic to cats.

Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhoea, hyperactivity, tremors, rapid heart rate and seizures.

What to do: Contact your vet immediately with details of the type and amount of chocolate. Treatment may include inducing vomiting and supportive care. Keep chocolate out of reach.

Emergency vet contact for cats

Description: Emergencies include difficulty breathing, inability to urinate, seizures, collapse, trauma or ingestion of poisons.

Preparation: Keep the contact information of your local emergency veterinary clinic readily available. Have a secure carrier and know how to transport your cat safely. If possible, call the clinic on the way so they can prepare for your arrival.